How to write your college essay: 2020

Wednesday, August 26, 2020

In Search of Shakespeare Summary

In Search of Shakespeare Summary This reports first scene starts while taking a gander at the London Gate Bridge and London overall. The storyteller starts by portraying William Shakespeare as the best creator ever and how we know such an insignificant slice of his life. Michael Wood (the storyteller) starts by strolling up an antiquated street towards where Shakespeare grew up. He heads into a document of English history to take in a greater amount of Shakespeare from the policed territory of England that he experienced childhood in. He depicts what he expects to portray, for example where Shakespeares organization did its unique plays and his summons for complaint and substantial damage. Shakespeares life started in Stratford England, and the story starts with William Shakespeares (child of John and Mary Shakespeare) absolution record in the ward register at Stratford-on-Avon. He had two expired kin, and was his folks first youngster to develop to youthfulness. He was conceived in the mid sixteenth century during strict clash, when the religion of the country had changed various occasions by the Tudors whom managed England. It changed by Henry to Protestant from Catholic, back to Catholic with his little girl Mary and afterward back to protestant by his next little girl Elizabeth, all in the matter of twelve years. Shakespeare was conceived toward the start of Elizabeths rule. The Shakespeares were initially nation ranchers, a portion of the language that Shakespeare utilized in his plays started from these beginnings. He was not a worker, his mom had a long standing family ancestry, and in truth his maternal granddad was a rich rancher whom had died before Elizabeth went to the seat. His family had at first been faithful to the old confidence (Catholicism). Nonetheless, his dad was yearning and therefore moved from the nation. John Shakespeare was a glove producer with an advanced white collar class home with the most recent in structures. William Shakespeare was brought up in a genuinely wealthy home. John Shakespeare was chosen a town advocate when William was one. John Shakespeare was required to keep up Elizabeths will and had to destroy with whitewash the medieval Catholic works of art in their neighborhood die. John was then chosen city hall leader when William was four. William began school at seven years old, when more than one hundred and sixty new schools were opened. William was shown six days every week, by instructors picked by the town gathering in the neighborhood school, basically religion and Latin. He experienced passionate feelings for the performance center here, and may have participated in the play Ralph Roister Doister. John Shakespeare had customers all around England and raked in tons of cash, not everything was lawful. John was an unlawful fleece seller (brogger); fleece was cornered by the legislature. He had additionally done criminal operations through loaning cash for benefit. William later experienced passionate feelings for the puzzle plays that recounted to old stories from the holy book. William utilized them as motivation in his own plays. William went onto a further school at age nine where he was acquainted with verse. In any case, at twelve years old Williams guardians started losing their cash and Johns business was floundering. To start with, the administration was taking action against unlawful fleece vendors and second, John quits going to chamber gatherings potentially because of his strict reasons and pulls back William from school. William had to work for his dads calfskin business. Around this time Catholics and Protestants are practically constrained into a non-literal fight for the spirit of England. Numerous individuals were pulled in by Elizabeth, including Williams father John, for common security. He is in the end discharged. As of now, William was eighteen (in 1582) and he experienced passionate feelings for a more seasoned lady named Ann Hathaway who was the little girl of his dads colleague. He was hitched to Ann Wately under the name of William Shaxspeare on November 30th 1582 on the grounds that Ann was pregnant. Individuals regularly theorize that Ann Hathaway and Ann Wately were various individuals; anyway it is accepted that it is really an administrative blunder. He picked up his marriage permit on November 27th, 1582. William formed a piece for his wedding, a sonnet routed to his new spouse Ann Hathaway. Ann conceived an offspring five months after the fact to a little girl, Susanna and lived with Williams guardians and more youthful kin. Under legend, William obviously later poached a dear that had a place with a neighborhood ruler. Evidently William was beaten and restricted from town. The storyteller at that point gives us another hypothesis concerning why William was expelled from the town when he was nineteen. On the 26th of October that year, Shakespeares cousin Summerville declared that Queen Elizabeth was a blasphemer and that he anticipated killing her. Elizabeth went to the nearby master whom had Williams moms family captured. Williams cousin, his family, and his relative Edward Ardin (the head of Williams moms family) and his family were condemned to death. Scene two starts by dissecting Shakespeares lost ten years in which little data is known. The current hypothesis is that William changed his name to William Shakeshaft and got a new line of work in Lancasier. It is estimated dependent on the expression of one of the entertainers of Shakespeares playhouse whom said that Shakespeare once filled in as an instructor in the nation that William may have educated in Lancasier. It is realized that William was in Stratford-upon-Avon on February second, 1585 when his twins were sanctified through water, Hamlet and Judith which were named after their catholic god guardians. He was the fundamental wellspring of pay for the family and he lived in a little house with his significant other, youngsters, kin and guardians. On September sixth 1586, John Shakespeare is evacuated as a representative of the town for done going to the meetings. In the late spring of 1587, uplifting news came to William. The sovereigns regal organization came to Stratford-upon-Avon for political and publicity purposes. Two of the entertainers, William Nell and John Town, got into a contention wherein William Nell endeavored to execute John Town. Rather Town cut him in clear self protection and Nell died. So the organization was one man short and missing a youthful male on-screen character. It is accepted that William Shakespeare joined the Queens men (organization) now and left his family. After the war with the Spanish task force, William comes to London with the Queens men. Now, he severs to turn into an author. He lived in a white collar class area of town. His organization originally performed at the principal amphitheater at any point manufactured. Now, a theater unrest was in progress, lead by the University instructed Christopher Marlowe who is accepted to have been gay, hip, heathen. Williams first play was the catastrophe Titus Andronicus. Then, Marlowe had been recruited as a government agent. He was not cryptic. Marlowe talked about joining the Catholic side and forged cash. On March third, 1592 Harry the 6th was Shakespeares first boxoffice number one. This is the point at which he expands than Marlowe. Shakespeare anyway got an awful audit for being an uneducated play compose, instead of a college mind. Be that as it may, in mid 1593 many play composes and printers were executed or tormented for conspiracy or blasphemy. Marlow himself was killed, it was professed to have been in self preservation as per three observers. Shakespeare anyway didn't trust it. It was soon after this that Shakespeare added to his set of three as Richard III. The following scene entitled The Duty of Poets starts by asserting that the stage was overwhelmed for the following twenty years by Shakespeare. The inquiry for the storyteller was what made him the most mainstream play compose of the time, as opposed to the next youthful play composes of the time? In 1593 plague strikes the roads of London and the play houses are shut. As of now, Shakespeares inaccessible cousin whom was faithful to Catholicism composes the new proclamation of English verse which was a test to Shakespeare. This test expresses that verse isn't with the end goal of affection or diversion, but instead to celebrate God. Shakespeare had no enthusiasm for this, anyway when the plague struck he had to look for different types of pay. He looks for work as a distributed creator of a sonnet Venos and Adonis which turned into a blockbuster. This sonnet didn't concentrate on God, but instead on affection. This sonnet was committed to Henry Earl of Southampton so as to pick up cash and eminence. In 1594, Shakespeare started another acting organization. His cousin whom had composed for him the test of composing for God was executed soon after for being a supporter of Catholicism. It is said that his companions visited Queen Elizabeth after his passing and gave her a book as a blessing, within it contained his letter to Shakespeare. It evidently moved the sovereign and struck her to despondency. Not long after this episode, Shakespeare composed his first extraordinary Tragedy, Romeo and Juliet. Presently, Hamlet, Shakespeares just child, kicked the bucket at eleven years old. Shakespeare experienced a time of distress, however purchased the second biggest house in Stratford-upon-Avon, yet it was in confusion. He likewise applied for an escutcheon for his dad, so as to make his dad a respectable man. It is accepted these demonstrations were a type of statement of regret for not being there when his family required him the most. His dads escutcheon was endorsed and William turned into a courteous fellow. William is likewise known to have composed various poems for a kid, it is broadly discussed yet it is accepted that they are self-portraying and about his own child. Piece 33 unmistakably stresses this. In 1597 the theaters, under the course of the administration for dissidence, were shut. William was likewise under punishment of the administration due to tax avoidance. Later in that year he is in a difficult situation for undermining mutilation and murder since he got into the center of fights between proprietors. In this season of haziness for William, he experienced passionate feelings for a darker looking melodic wedded lady while he was as yet hitched to Ann. She turned into his escort and she composed of her in pieces, for example, work 128. She is accepted to have been a dull s

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Interoffice Memo Essay Example for Free

Official Memo Essay Envision that it is 1976, and you are a head in a human administrations association. You have quite recently learned of the decision in the case,Tarasoff v. Officials of the University of California. Compose a 350-to 500-word synopsis in which you make an official reminder for all representatives that clarifies this enactment. In your reminder, likewise incorporate the accompanying data: Ã¢â‚¬ ¢How the Tarasoff case has influenced moral dynamic for human help experts Ã¢â‚¬ ¢How the case influences the human administrations code of morals. Ã‚ Format your synopsis steady with APA rules. Snap the Assignment Files tab to present your task.

Friday, August 21, 2020

Book Riots Deals of the Day for February 1, 2020

Book Riotâ€™s Deals of the Day for February 1, 2020 Sponsored by Book Riots new literary fiction podcast Novel Gazing. These deals were active as of this writing, but may expire soon, so get them while theyâ€™re hot! Todays Featured Deals The Surgeon by Tess Gerritsen for $2.99. Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. Enlightenment Now by Steven Pinker for $1.99. Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. The Third Angel by Alice Hoffman for $2.99. Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. The Burning Chambers by Kate Mosse for $2.99. Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. In Case You Missed Yesterdays Most Popular Deals The Essex Serpent by Sarah Perry for $3.49. Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. Whiskey When Weâ€™re Dry by John Larison for $1.99. Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. Previous Daily Deals That Are Still Active As Of This Writing (Get em While Theyre Hot!): Possessing the Secret of Joy by Alice Walker for $1.99 Astonish Me by Maggie Shipstead for $2.99 Speak by Laurie Halse Anderson for $1.99 F*ck That: An Honest Meditation Jason Headley for $1.99 Wonton Terror: A Noodle Shop Mystery by Vivien Chen for $2.99 Conversations with Friends by Sally Rooney for $2.99 Other Peopleâ€™s Houses by Abbi Waxman for $1.99 Feel Free by Zadie Smith for $1.99 The Famished Road by Ben Okri for $1.99 The Face by Dean Koontz for $2.99 Cari Mora by Thomas Harris for $4.99 Chronicle of a Death Foretold by Gabriel GarcÃa MÃ¡rquez for $2.99 Two Steps Forward Graeme Simsion and Anne Buist for $1.99 Breakfast of Champions by Kurt Vonnegut for $2.99 The Epic Crush of Genie Lo by F.C. Lee for $1.99 Finding Gideon by Eric Jerome Dickey for $1.99 The Last Time I Lied by Riley Sager for $1.99 Burn Baby Burn by Meg Medina for $1.99 That Kind of Guy by Talia Hibbert for $3.99 The Awakened Kingdom by N.K. Jemisin for $2.99 Odd and the Frost Giants by Neil Gaiman for $3.99 The Immortalists by Chloe Benjamin for $1.99 Labyrinth Lost by Zoraida Cordova for $4.09 The Lost: A Search for Six of the Six Million by Daniel Mendelsohn for $1.99 The Twelve-Mile Straight by Eleanor Henderson for $1.99 The Incendiaries by R.O. Kwon for $4.99 Rejected Princesses by Jason Porath for $1.99 Once Ghosted, Twice Shy by Alyssa Cole for $1.99 Snow, Glass, Apples by Neil Gaiman for $2.99 A Princess in Theory by Alyssa Cole for $1.99 The Happiness Project by Gretchen Rubin for $1.99 Everythings Trash, But Its Okay by Phoebe Robinson for $4.99 Tiny Pretty Things by Sona Charaipotra and Dhonielle Clayton for $4.99 Nefertiti by Michelle Moran for $3.99 The Broken Circle: A Memoir of Escaping Afghanistan by Enjeela Ahmadi-Miller for $1.99 Death by Dumpling: A Noodle Shop Mystery by Vivien Chien for $2.99 The Readers of Broken Wheel Recommend by Katarina Bivald for $1.99 Instant Pot Obsession: The Ultimate Electric Pressure Cooker Cookbook for Cooking Everything Fast by Janet A. Zimmerman for $2.99 Ash Princess by Laura Sebastian for $1.99 Year of Yes by Shonda Rhimes for $2.99 A Quiet Life in the Country by T E Kinsey for $1.99 The Duchess War by Courtney Milan for $4.99 The House of the Spirits: A Novel by Isabel Allende for $1.99 Native Son by Richard Wright for $2.99 Mangos and Mistletoe: A Foodie Holiday Novella by Adriana Herrera for $2.99 Guapa by Saleem Haddad for $1.99 The Unlikely Escape of Uriah Heep by H. G. Parry for $4.99 Empire of Sand by Tasha Suri for $4.99 Fatality in F (A Gethsemane Brown Mystery Book 4) by Alexia Gordon for $4.99 Reckless by Selena Montgomery for $3.99 Cant Escape Love by Alyssa Cole for $1.99 Brown Girl in the Ring by Nalo Hopkinson for $5.99 Ark by Veronica Roth for $1.99 Ten Women by Marcela Serrano for $3.99 The Price of Salt by Patricia Highsmith for $0.99 Ormeshadow by Priya Sharma for $3.99 Sisters of the Vast Black by Lina Rather for $3.99 Prophecy by Ellen Oh for $2.99 Along for the Ride by Mimi Grace for $2.99 Sign up for our Book Deals newsletter and get up to 80% off books you actually want to read.

Book Riots Deals of the Day for February 1, 2020

Sunday, May 24, 2020

The s Coy Mistress By Andrew Marvell And The Flea

The representation of sexual pleasure and intercourse throughout Ã¢â‚¬Å"To His Coy MistressÃ¢â‚¬ by Andrew Marvell and Ã¢â‚¬Å"The FleaÃ¢â‚¬ by John Donne functions as a way to present, confirm and refute the traditional stereotypical view of carpe diem love poetry. The speakers within both poems aim to Ã¢â‚¬Å"seize the dayÃ¢â‚¬ by wooing and taking advantage of women and their virginity and sexuality. They not only want to take advantage of the time they have but also make sure they do not regret not doing anything in the future. In specific, Ã¢â‚¬Å"To His Coy MistressÃ¢â‚¬ presents the view that men are able to manipulate and seduce women through the use of inappropriate and often graphic imagery. The speaker identifies the coupleÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s lack of time as a way to advance his wooing and potentially speed up the foreplay. In doing so, the speaker is presented as being persistent and sleazy due to his relentlessness of pursuing. Representation of carpe diem love is also shown in Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Flea.Ã¢â‚¬ This poem contains a different tone than that of Ã¢â‚¬Å"To His Coy MistressÃ¢â‚¬ due to the speaker being shown as less threatening in his sexual pursuit of the woman. The speaker shows the representation with the maleÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s sexual agenda being aided by the description of a flea as well as the usage of Ã¢â‚¬Å"flirtyÃ¢â‚¬ and often humorous language. Both poems are discussing and referring to the act of sexual intercourse and in doing so relate these exploits to the commonly used theme of carpe diem to justify the speakerÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s actions. Ã¢â‚¬Å"To His Coy MistressÃ¢â‚¬ byShow MoreRelatedThe Flea, By Andrew Marvell996 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 PagesJohn Donne s, The Flea, and Andrew MarvellÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s To His Coy Mistress are persuasive poem in which the speaker is attempting to establish a sexual union with his significant other. These poems is spoken by a male lover to his female beloved as an attempt to convince her to sleep with him. John Donne and Marvell brings out and shapes this meaning through his collective use of conceit, rhythm, and rhyme scheme. The basic theme of the poems is the speakerÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s need to turn his Ã¢â‚¬Å"coy mistressÃ¢â‚¬ into a Ã¢â‚¬Å"willingRead MoreThe Flea By John Donne And His Coy Mistress By Andrew Marvell1059 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 Pageslike John Donne and Andrew Marvell who participated in a type of poetry referred to as metaphysical. Metaphysical poetry essentially is poetry that deals with things that are more philosophical than anything else. This type of poetry also is very emotion based but also has logically aspects. These poets have written several bodies of work that can fall under the metaphysical umbrella. Two examples of metaphysical poems written by these two poets are The Flea and To His Coy Mistress. Being metaphysicalRead MoreComparison of how The Flea and To His Coy Mistress Present and Develop the Poets Arguments2031 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 9 PagesThe Flea and To His Coy Mistress are two poems written by poets living during the Renaissance Period. To His Coy Mistress was written by Andrew Marvell and The Flea was written by John Donne. Both of these poets were well-educated metaphysical poets, and these poems illustrate metaphysical concerns, highly abstract and theoretical ideas, that the poets would have been interested in. Both poems are based around the same idea of trying to reason with a mistress as to why they should give up theirRead MoreLove in To His Coy Mistress and The Flea Essay1850 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 8 PagesLove in To His Coy Mistress and The Flea Both To His Coy Mistress, by Andrew Marvell (1621-1678) and The Flea, by John Donne (1572-1631) present different attitudes to love. Both are also structured very differently and occasionally use contrasting imagery. Each poem was written in the 17th century, just after the Renaissance. The poets were metaphysical poets. Although the metaphysic was originally a derogatory term, metaphysical poetry used intellectual and theologicalRead MoreThe Carpe Diem Poetry By Andrew Marvell Essay1773 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 8 PagesÃ¢â‚¬Å"To His Coy MistressÃ¢â‚¬ by Andrew Marvell reveals multiple themes that insist that people should use their time effectively. More specifically, it illustrates mortality and how death is inevitable, insisting individuals should enjoy the pleasures the world offers, especially sex. Robert HerrickÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Ã¢â‚¬Å"To the Virgins, to Make Much of TimeÃ¢â‚¬ also insists that virgins should use their time well and ensure that death does not end any plans they had. John DonneÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Ã¢â‚¬Å"The FleaÃ¢â‚¬ uses the image of a flea and the mixingRead More The Flea by John Donne and To His Coy Mistress by Andrew Marvell6621 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 27 PagesThe Flea by John Donne and To His Coy Mistress by Andrew Marvell The Flea by John Donne is written in the 17th century as is To his coy mistress by Andrew Marvell. This we can see by the language used which was typical of that period in time apt to kill me and yea which are taken from the flea. Both poems also speak of virginity being very important, especially before marriage because if a woman had lost her maidenhead before, the husband would have the right to leave her withoutRead MoreCharacteristics of Metaphysical Poetry876 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 Pagessensual; about man s relationship with God - the eternal perspective, and, to a less extent, about pleasure, learning and art. Metaphysical poems are lyric poems. They are brief but intense meditations, characterized by striking use of wit, irony and wordplay. Beneath the formal structure (of rhyme, metre and stanza) is the underlying (and often hardly less formal) structure of the poem s argument. Note that there may be two (or more) kinds of argument in a poem. In To His Coy Mistress the explicit argumentRead MoreMetaphysical Poetry By John Donne1590 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 Pagesdefinition above was according to English language, however according to poetry isÃ¢â‚¬ ¦. Many poets got involved in metaphysical poetry like: Samuel Johnson who wrote his book which is known as Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬â„¢Lives of the Most Eminent English PoetsÃ¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, Henry Vaughan, Andrew Marvel, Richard Crashaw, George Herbert and finally who was the main founder, John Donne. John Donne (1572 - 1631), the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry, lived and wrote during the succeeding reigns of Elizabeth I, James 1 and CharlesRead Morethatcher4803 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 20 PagesMourningÃ¢â‚¬ , Ã¢â‚¬Å"The FleaÃ¢â‚¬ , Ã¢â‚¬Å"Hymn to God, My God in my SicknessÃ¢â‚¬ 4. George Herbert, Ã¢â‚¬Å"The CollarÃ¢â‚¬ , Ã¢â‚¬Å"The AltarÃ¢â‚¬ , Ã¢â‚¬Å"Love IIIÃ¢â‚¬ 5. Andrew Marvell, Ã¢â‚¬Å"To his Coy MistressÃ¢â‚¬ 6. T.S. Eliot, Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred PrufrockÃ¢â‚¬ , Ã¢â‚¬Å"Journey of the MagiÃ¢â‚¬ 2. Poems for individual reading: 1. William Shakespeare Sonnet 73 (Ã¢â‚¬Å"That time of yearÃ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) 2. John Donne, Ã¢â‚¬Å"Holy Sonnet IÃ¢â‚¬ (Ã¢â‚¬Å"Thou hast made meÃ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ), Ã¢â‚¬Å"Holy Sonnet IXÃ¢â‚¬ (Ã¢â‚¬Å"If poisonous mineralsÃ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ), 3. George Herbert, Ã¢â‚¬Å"EasterÃ¢â‚¬ , Ã¢â‚¬Å"DenialÃ¢â‚¬ , Ã¢â‚¬Å"ParadiseÃ¢â‚¬ 4. Andrew Marvell, Ã¢â‚¬Å"On a

Thursday, May 14, 2020

Personal and Cultural Identity in Things Fall Apart and Ã¢â‚¬Å“I...

Thursday, January 17 Personal and Cultural Identity in Things Fall Apart and Ã¢â‚¬Å"I Lost My TalkÃ¢â‚¬ Identity can be explained as the state or fact of being a specific person or thing. [definition is good, but needs to be more specific] A specific person or thing can be defined by his/her personality, interests, family, community or culture. [connect your definition to the novel and poemÃ¢â‚¬â€thatÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s why previous sentence was inserted] In both Chinua AchebeÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Things Fall Apart and in Rita JoeÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Ã¢â‚¬Å"I Lost My TalkÃ¢â‚¬ , Okonkwo and the persona, become confused about who they are and lose their respective identities. [Notice I insert the topics of your three body paragraphs here] Okonkwo and the persona have a certain degree of power thatÃ¢â‚¬ ¦show more contentÃ¢â‚¬ ¦The persona describes how she lost the power to speak her own language: Ã¢â‚¬Å"The talk you took awayÃ¢â‚¬ . In the poem the persona describes how she can talk Ã¢â‚¬Å"Two waysÃ¢â‚¬ but that her own language is Ã¢â‚¬Å"snatched . . . awayÃ¢â‚¬ and that she must Ã¢â‚¬Å"speak like yo u / . . . think like youÃ¢â‚¬ because Ã¢â‚¬Å"[y]our way is more powerfulÃ¢â‚¬ (Ã¢â‚¬Å"I Lost My TalkÃ¢â‚¬ , Rita Joe). In the poem, Ã¢â‚¬Å"I Lost My TalkÃ¢â‚¬ , the persona feels powerless because she feels that she has lost her language and thus her identity. In both Chinua AchebeÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Things Fall Apart and Rita JoeÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Ã¢â‚¬Å"I Lost My TalkÃ¢â‚¬ a person who has power loses it quickly. [People who lose power may lose their personal identity-connect to works more smoothlyÃ¢â‚¬â€instead TRY:] Okwonko in Things Fall Apart and the persona in Ã¢â‚¬Å"I Lost My TalkÃ¢â‚¬ are people who lose their power and then lose their personal identity. When Okonkwo flees to Mbanta, he loses his personal identity because he loses his power. When Okonkwo is in Mbanta serving his time, the missionaries known as white men try to convert the people of Umuofia to follow their religion. [EvidenceÃ¢â‚¬â€how does this relate to his personal identityÃ¢â‚¬â€you donÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t really explai n] When Okonkwo returns, things have changed in Umuofia. The people of Umuofia call for a meeting in the marketplace [to discuss Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..] and at the meeting the missionaries came to say the powerful white man Ã¢â‚¬Å"ordered th[e] meeting to stopÃ¢â‚¬ (Achebe 204). Okonkwo is angered by [what? Be more specific] and kills the missionary. [EitherShow MoreRelatedLanguage Is More Violent Than War?1426 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 6 PagesÃ¢â‚¬Å"Who is to say that robbing people of its language is less violent than war?Ã¢â‚¬ Ray Gwyn Smith. IÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ve always had this struggle with my identity because I am Mexican and American. I grew up speaking Spanish and English, and was always being policed on what language I was allowed to speak. If I was with my parents they only wanted me to speak in Spanish and when I was at school I was actually forced to only speak English. Gloria Anzaldua writes about the struggles Mexican Americans have in America withinRead More Mother-Daughter Conflict in Amy Tans T he Joy Luck Club Essay2944 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 12 Pagesdramatizes this conflict which arises between the first and the second generations through sixteen stories of four mothers and four American-born daughters. Tan succeeds in showing the strength of the mother-daughter bond from China to America despite the cultural and linguistic differences between Chinese mothers and Chinese-Americans daughther through the immigrant narrative. The Chinese culture is based on Confucius, whose teachings are more practical and ethical than religious. ConfuciusÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ virtues includeRead MorePassing As An Integral Part Of African American Literature2601 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 11 PagesCaucasia Ã¢â‚¬Å"Passing as white is, of course, how modernists would have understood the term. But even in this, its first cultural sense, passing is far more complicated than the notion of Wearing a mask or of assuming a fraudulent identity would suggestÃ¢â‚¬ ¦PassingÃ¢â‚¬â€actual and Imaginary, conscious and unconsciousÃ¢â‚¬â€at once produced profound shifts in thinking About the boundaries of identity and aroused ambivalence about those shifting, unstable BordersÃ¢â‚¬ (Caughie 387). This Quote is from Pamela CaughieÃ¢â‚¬Å¸sRead MoreCritical Discourse Analysis of the Movie Love Actually3536 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 15 Pagescast, has many great things about it, but like all things, it can be analyzed and criticized deeply. The most important aspect of critical discourse analysis is that we must not accept things just as they are, but consider issues of race, ethnicity, gender, social class status, sexuality preference, religions aspects, and language. Using Huckins article Critical Discourse Analysis and Girouxs article Politics and Innocence in the Wonderful World of Disney as guidance I will apply their mainRead MoreAbc Certificate Counselling Skills Unit 2 Counselling Theory2903 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 12 Pagesall its members on equal terms and which secures flexible readjustment of its institutions through interaction of the different forms of associated life is in so far democratic. Such a society must have a type of education which gives individuals a personal interest in so cial relationships and control, and the habits of mind which secure social changes without introducing disorderÃ¢â‚¬ . Rogers would have identified with these ideas and whilst he was at Rochester he came to believe in the individualÃ¢â‚¬â„¢sRead MoreLiterary Analysis of No Name Woman6151 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 25 PagesA short literary analysis of Maxine Kingstons classic Ã¢â‚¬Å"No Name WomanÃ¢â‚¬ As part of the first generation of Chinese-Americans, Maxine Hong Kingston writes about her struggle to distinguish her cultural identity through an impartial analysis of her auntÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s denied existence.Ã‚ In Ã¢â‚¬Å"No Name Woman,Ã¢â‚¬ a chapter in her written memoirs, Kingston analyzes the possible reasons behind her disavowed auntÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s dishonorable pregnancy and her villageÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s subsequent raid upon her household. Ã‚ And with a bold statementRead MoreASAM 5 Notes Essay6590 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 27 Pagescreaseless experiment with uncollectable data An attempt to order data with the use of story Allows us to see the wholeness of a life we cannot see in our own life Forms: Realism, modernism, post modernism Froitzan on why he writes: I want to bring pleasure with everything I writeÃ¢â‚¬ ¦ Ã‚ On minority literature- Deleuze and Guattar: 3 features The deterriorializtion of a major language through a minor literature written in the major language from marginalized or minoritarian position The thoroughlyRead MoreHistory of Transgender9448 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 38 PagesA time-line of transgender identities. Ã‚ © 1999 Drs. Arianne van der Ven Contents Summery 2 Introduction: The development of gender as we know it How does history relate to us? 3 From a one-gender system to a two-gender system, and on to Ã¢â‚¬Ëœthird sexÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ categories. 3 Some specifics of gender transitions. 5 Part I: Sexology begins. Transgender Identities before the 19th century 7 The early 19th century: Enters forensic psychiatry 7 TheRead MoreRemains of the Day as a Postmodern Novel5345 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 22 Pagesappreciate all carefully constructed and presented elements trough which he successfully delivers his story. Remains of the day, as a novel, is a unique example of how a story of a personal fate of one man can reflect on such large, historical and social scale. Above all other motifs, the one of history, especially personal, individual history is the idea that dominates all novels Ishiguro wrote, Remains of the day in particular. In Linda Hutcheons words the departure, rather than reworking of mimeticRead MoreEssay about The Remains of the Day by Kazuo Ishiguro5293 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 22 Pagesappreciate all carefully constructed and presented elements trough which he successfully delivers his story. Remains of the day, as a novel, is a unique example of how a story of a personal fate of one man can reflect on such large, historical and social scale. Above all other motifs, the one of history, especially personal, individual history is the idea that dominates all novels Ishiguro wrote, Remains of the day in particular. In Linda HutcheonÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s words Ã¢â‚¬Å"the departure, rather than reworking of mimetic

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

The Struggles Of Nursing School - 1384 Words

The Struggles of Nursing School When people think of nursing school, they usually think of bedpans and needles. Thats only a small part. I learned that nursing school was going to be some much more than bedpans and needles, when I attended my first day of class then my first day of clinical. Nursing school sure has change my outlook on how hard I am on myself. On the first day of school, I arrived fifteen minutes early, nervous and excited, I had a huge smile on my face and alot of confidence. My first class, which was Foundations of Nursing, I stood at the back of the class room while other students were looked for a seat and chatted with others. The room had many lights and seemed bright, but also had a musty smell as it does after itÃ¢â‚¬ ¦show more contentÃ¢â‚¬ ¦My husband made sure a home cooked meal was ready when I came home from work. From folders and binders, to keeping a planner, keeping myself organized was priority. In my planner, I wrote every class and every assignment for that class and then checked it off in my planner as I turned it into the drop-box on my computer. Each class had a drop box for each assignment under the class tab on the internet. After I put it in the drop box, it was graded within a week by the instructor. My favorite part of school were the clinical sites, as I was signed up to go to Catholic Care Nursing Home. On the first morning, I put on my navy-blue scrub pants and my tan scrub top. Feeling very nervous; my stomach was turning while I was trying to clip my ID badge to my top. I made sure I had my stethoscope, ink pens and a note book in my pocket. I grabbed a granola bar on my way out to my car from the kitchen, then got into my car and headed to the care home in Belair. The brick building seemed huge and the parking lot had several cars. I drove around the parking lot to find the door, thankfully there was a parking spot 10 spots from the door. I got out of my car and started walking to the door. The morning felt cold, I walked at a fast pace. Once I entered through the door, a musty and weird medical smell filled the air. Several older people in wheelchairs, some were sleeping. A few of them were awake and I saidShow MoreRelatedCase Study : Finding The Right Staff1028 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 Pages Business Topic: US businesses are struggling more in current years than ever before. Many of the struggles are the same for several businesses; no matter the size or focus of the business. These struggles are causing many businesses to close and others to refocus their business strategies. For many these issues are forcing business out of the US. The US economy is suffering along with the businesses. The top eight problems businesses are facing are integrity, cash borrowing, increased competitionRead MoreDedication And Hard Work, Success Will Be The Outcome866 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 Pagesespecially goes towards those who compare you based on your intelligence. Putting someone down like this can make anyone feel like they are not good enough or will make nothing of their lives. This has happened to me growing up and constant is a struggle until this day. During my childhood, I was asked several times why I was not as smart as an older cousin of mines. This cousin was only older than me by a few months. This cousin always got straight AÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s and indeed a smart child. She definitely wasRead MoreNursing Is A Practice Of Tending For Patients Who Are Ill943 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 PagesNursing is a practice of tending to patients who are ill. Nursing over a hundred years ago made taking care of people an extremely hands-on process with no machines, few nurses, limited education requirements, and not many medical advances. Today nursing has made positive developments in almost every aspect of the profession. Nursing will ultimately gain the ability to save more lives and diagnose the illnesses of patients more easily. In the future, nursing is expected to make significant improvementsRead MoreThe Turning Point Of Attending College923 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 Pageswas on stand still in my career with limited options in my nursing career as a Licensed Practical Nurse. At that point, I realized the being the first generation to attend college, positive role model, and a solid foundation for my career were the causes of my turning point. Becoming the first generation to attend college caused me to push harder and take the first step to attending school. Both my parents dropped out of high school to assist their family financially. My parents originally bornRead MoreLearning Is The Acquisition Of Knowledge Or Skill Through Instruction1000 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 PagesLearning is the acquisition of knowledge or skill through instruction, experience or study. In successful learning situations, multiple pedagogy is used to promote knowledge and retention. This allows students to enter the nursing profession with a general understanding of concepts and skills needed to provide safe, quality care to their patients. In successful learning experiences instructors are engaging, approachable, competent, trustworthy, and dynamic. Both students and instructors are lifelongRead MoreThe Effects Of Dyslexia On Children With Dyslexia Essay1347 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 6 Pages Many learning disabilities world-wide are over-looked if a child doesnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t learn at the rate of the other children, but a teacher might assume that the student is mentally challenged. That might not be the case. Students world-wide struggle with the learning disability known as dyslexia. Dyslexia is known for the way it twists words and numbers in onesÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ head. ItÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s almost as if the personsÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ mind is playing a trick on itself. The person might read the text backward or even say his or her thoughts backwardsRead MoreThe Nurse Manager Of A Neuroscience1178 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 Pagesmuch as I do,Ã¢â‚¬ Liz told me. Today, Liz is the nurse manager of a neuroscience unit in a hospital, but for a while, she had no idea what she wanted to do. Nursing was a possibility here and there, but it never struck her as something she could be good at until her twenties, when her son was born. Looking back, Liz remembers all of the struggles she has had along the way, but recognize s that each one has only brought her closer to where she wants to be. Every day on the job may be stressful, but everyRead MorePersonal Statement : My Nursing Goals1174 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 PagesMy Nursing Goals Introduction In the near future, I will graduate with my Bachelors of Science in Nursing degree from East Carolina University. Guiding my ultimate nursing goals is my love for children. As a mother already, I have learned and immensely enjoyed my journey with my six-year-old child thus far. However, I would love to expand my knowledge on the unique needs of the pediatric patient population. The pediatric patient population is very diverse, due to the various stages of life withinRead MoreGap Between Nursing Programs And Textbooks885 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 PagesThe first case scenario presented in this project reflect the significance of gaps between nursing programs and textbooks, organizationsÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ policies and procedures, published literature, and the actual practice. Some of the gaps refer to nursing programs and textbooks based on an ideal nursing profession, the autonomy of healthcare organizations to establish their specific policies and procedures, traditional policies and procedures un supported by evidence-based practice (EBP), and the individualRead MoreChallenges And Strategies For Personal Success1243 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 PagesIntroduction Graduate school enhances the opportunity for an individual to achieve his or her personal and professional goals. The skills and knowledge acquired from graduate school are instrumental in career development; hence, one should pay close attention to the lessons learned in the quest for a masterÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s degree. However, graduate school is never free of challenges. There are many challenges associated with the pursuit of a masterÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s degree, and they start at the school application process. The

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Governance in Nursing-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about Governance in Nursing. Answer: Shared governance in nursing can be defined as the working model of participatory decisions making in healthcare centers. Here, the nursing professionals are organized to make decisions about their quality improvement, clinical practice standards, staffs as well as professional development and researches. This mainly takes place while acting as one of the important professional of the multidisciplinary team which provides importance to four important aspects (Clavelle et al. 2016). These are the equality, empowerment, accountability and partnership. Equality mainly involves shared as well as equal focus on patients, services and staffs which are considered by researchers to be highly essential in providing safe and effective care. The next aspect is empowerment where the nursing professionals should gain the authority as well as the autonomy to make decisions about their nursing practices which will ensure them following the principles of beneficence for their patients welfare. The t hird aspect is accountability where the nurse should develop the responsibility and willingness to participate in practices which are ethically and legally apt by proper decision making with the partners of the multidisciplinary teams (Ott and Ross 2014). The next aspect of the shared decision making is called the partnership which mainly emphasizes on the collaboration as well as teamwork among the different experts of the multidimensional teams and also among caregivers and patients and families. The NMBA standards of nursing practice also states in standard 2 that nurses should engage in therapeutic and professional relationships I order to bring out the best health outcomes of patients. A very good example can be provided for a patient who had been admitted to the hospital due to her increase in pain of her knees due to the osteoarthritis. The patient was obese and therefore it was important to appoint a dietician to educate her about the diet and fix up a diet plan. Although the nursing professional had the due to treat her for pain management, an orthopedic physician was consulted to provide his suggestion son the treatment to be followed for her. A physiotherapist was also allocated for her to maintain a therapeutic session with her helping her to overcome her pain. The nursing professionals had to provide the correct medications for her as it was her duty. A social carer was also assigned to her to help her conduct her daily activities as she was quite old and had the chance of fall. Besides, a counselor was assigned to her as she was suffering for depression due to her loss of independency and had withdrawn herself. All the work of teams were coordinated by the nursing professionals besides caring for the patient in each of her aspects and helping her lead a better life with compassion, empathy and kindness. Clinical governance: Clinical governance may be defined as the domain in the healthcare sectors where the nursing professionals are considered as the main epitomes who are responsible for the quality and safety of the patient care to achieve high standards of clinical care. This mainly includes using his management of resources, clinical and self governance. Researchers are of the opinion that there are many aspects which are extremely important for nurses to maintain clinical governance. This includes proper interactions between service user, carer and public involvement. The next important aspects are risk management and clinical audit. Besides, staffing and staff management, education and training, clinical effectiveness and clinical information are also important. Researchers are of the opinion that nurses are held accountable for the continuous improvement of the quality of the care for the patients through their services (Smith, Latter anmd Blenkinsopp 2014). It also instructs the nurse for safegua rding high care of the nurses by creating an environment in which excellence in clinical care is encouraged. Following evidence based care and maintaining its effectiveness by applying this practice in the workplace ensures safe care for the patients and also ensures quality where the patient can get well due to the application of the most modern forms of treatments (Prenestini et al. 2015). The NMBA standards of nursing practice states that the nurses should provide safe, appropriate and responsive quality nursing practice so that patients can get well. Standard 4 and 5 states that nurses should comprehensively conduct assessment and should also develop a plan for nursing practice which would help in providing the most modern and best quality care. An example can be provided here. Previously nurses were prevented to use oxygen in COPD patients as they believed that it could lead to hypercarbia and acidosis which could lead to death. Nowadays, it is believed that evidence based protocols in turn help to prevent hypoxia and organ failures resulting in larger longevity (Holm et al. 2016). Self governance: It can be defined as the attribute of nursing profession which is encompassed by applicable licensure and legal rules. It requires no supervision or direction from the others giving the nursing professionals the responsibility to take duties for performing responsibilities on their own accountability. In this type of governance, each individual of the nursing profession are expected to maintain their duties and provide the best practices for the betterment if the health conditions of the patients. This would demonstrate the ability of the nurses to engage in proper decision making about the management issues (Bradham et al. 2016). It would also demonstrate the ability to engage in the development of standards of practice. It should also include expert confliction resolution skills as well as proper negotiation skills. Often all these may lead to creation of a pressurized situation but the nurses should make themselves skilled to handle all pressures an stresses effectively to dedicat e themselves for the welfare if the patients and provide the best care without feeling stressed or burned out (Consiglio et al. 2014). NMBA standards of nursing practice states that every nurse should think critically and analyze the nursing practice to bring out the best outcomes in standard 1.. An example can be provided. Often family members of the patients force or request the nurses to tell them about the confidential information about the patients when the patient himself does not want to disclose to families. This might create a very strenuous situation for the nurse as it might lead to legal obligations. Here it is the capability of the nurse to handle such situations under pressure effectively and come out victorious. References: Bradham, C.U., Dalme, F.C. and Thompson, P.J., 2016. Personality traits valued by practicing nurses and measured in nursing students.Journal of Nursing Education,29(5), pp.225-232. Clavelle, J.T., OGrady, T.P., Weston, M.J. and Verran, J.A., 2016. Evolution of structural empowerment: moving from shared to professional governance.Journal of Nursing Administration,46(6), pp.308-312. Consiglio, C., Borgogni, L., Vecchione, M. and Maslach, C., 2014. Self-efficacy, perceptions of context, and burnout: a multilevel study on nurses.La Medicina del lavoro,105(4), pp.255-268. Holm, K.E., Casaburi, R., Cerreta, S., Gussin, H.A., Husbands, J., Porszasz, J., Prieto-Centurion, V., Sandhaus, R.A., Sullivan, J.L., Walsh, L.J. and Krishnan, J.A., 2016. Patient involvement in the design of a patient-centered clinical trial to promote adherence to supplemental oxygen therapy in COPD.The Patient-Patient-Centered Outcomes Research,9(3), pp.271-279 Ott, J. and Ross, C., 2014. The journey toward shared governance: the lived experience of nurse managers and staff nurses.Journal of nursing management,22(6), pp.761-768. Prenestini, A., Calciolari, S., Lega, F. and Grilli, R., 2015. The relationship between senior management team culture and clinical governance: Empirical investigation and managerial implications.Health care management review,40(4), pp.313-323. Smith, A., Latter, S. and Blenkinsopp, A., 2014. Safety and quality of nurse independent prescribing: a national study of experiences of education, continuing professional development clinical governance.Journal of advanced nursing,70(11), pp.2506-2517

Sunday, April 5, 2020

Muslim Mosque vs Christian Basilica free essay sample

There are many differences between the muslim and christian Basilica as well as many similarities. They also have so many things that make them unique in their own way. Taking a further look at each belief helps us have a clearer understanding of the Mosque and the Basilica. The word Islam is Arabic and means submission to the will of God. Islam teaches that one must submit to God in Arabic in order to achieve true peace of mind. Allah is God, the same God Christians and Jews worship. The word Muslim means one who submits to the will of God, regardless of race, nationality or ethnic background. Muhammad is believed to be the final prophet. Human beings are not believed to be sinful, but are seen as capable of both good and evil. Muslims believe God has given people free will. It is known Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ones deeds and actions measure ones faithÃ¢â‚¬ . We will write a custom essay sample on Muslim Mosque vs Christian Basilica or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Islamic teachings encompass all aspects of life and ethics; consciousness of God is encouraged in all aspects of human affairs. Worship in Islam is not limited to religious rituals. Muslims believe the Quran has been perfectly preserved in both its words and meaning in a living language. Gods final revelation to humankind was publicly recited in front of both Muslim and non-Muslim communities during the lifetime of the Prophet. The QurÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ans main message is submit to Almighty God and worship Him alone. Muhammad, a documented, historic figure, lived in the full light of history. God sent the revelation to Muhammad over the course of 23 years, and he in turn preached and lived it. He was a man who lived a humble life in the service of God, and established an all-encompassing religion and way of life by showing what it means to be an ideal friend, husband, teacher, ruler, warrior and judge. The true balance of an Islamic life is established by having a healthy fear of God as well as a belief in His infinite Mercy. A life without fear of God leads to sin and disobedience, but believing that we have sinned so much that God will not possibly forgive us only leads to despair. Islam teaches that life is a test, and that all human beings will be accountable before God. Apart of the Christianity belief, there is a set of biblical ethnics and moral codes that we can chose to abide by to represent our Christian faith. With choosing this faith you choose to worship one god and practice your faith in one Sabbath or also know as a church. Christians strong believe in accepting the death of Jesus and resurrection of Jesus as well that all sinful acts done by people can be repented by god if that person has promise to devote themselves to god. Christians devote one day a week which is Sunday to praise in the name of god, which they meet at the church and read a scripture from the bible and speak of the struggles that god has went through in order for gods people to live the life they live now. After they read the scriptures and rejoice over the good and bad things in their life they pray and accept the body of Christ which is bread and wine. Then throughout the week in order to keep the Christian faith alive in your life and household you may read the bible and pray daily. Hypostyle mosque means Ã¢â‚¬Å"many columnsÃ¢â‚¬ . Most mosques built in Arab lands utilized this style for centuries. The architecture is shaped mostly on the strong regional traditions of the time and place where it is built. The most necessity of mosque architecture is that it would be able to hold the entire male population of a city. The congregational mosques are required to have a large prayer hall, and this is done so by an open courtyard known as a Ã¢â‚¬Å"SahnÃ¢â‚¬ . In the courtyard is a hot water fountain and is used for ritual cleansing that is done before prayer. The Mihrab is a niche in the wall that indicated the direction of Mecca, to which all Muslims pray. Minaret is a tower that is usually attached to the mosque which is where the call to prayer is announced. There is calligraphic art. The Christian Basilica differs because it is used as a large public building where business or legal matters could be transacted. The first Basilica had no religious function. The shape of the had a floor plan of a rectangular hall but one usually followed into churches that led into the central body with one aisle at each side and a vault at one end opposite to the main door at the other end. There was a raised platform from where the clergy officiated. This building plan was mostly used for smaller audience halls of the emperors, governors, and the very rich than for the great public basilicas functioning as law courts and other public purposes. In conclusion, the architecture of the Mosque and how it has shaped Muslim beliefs differ to the interior space from the Christian Basilica. This essay has been formatted to explain the Muslim and Christian beliefs and the architecture of the Mosque and the Basilica.

Sunday, March 8, 2020

Tiresias in Ovids Metamorphoses

Tiresias in Ovids Metamorphoses Tiresias was a mythological blind seer who plays a significant role in Greek tragedy involving the House of Thebes. Shakespeares comedy Midsummer Nights Dream, Boccaccios Decameron, Chaucers Canterbury Tales, the Thousand and One Arabian Nights, and Ovids Metamorphoses are among the most famous collections of stories in which one story surrounds another. The outer stories provide little more than a framework or rationale for the more interesting, frequently bawdy, shenanigans within. The frame of Ovids Metamorphoses is a history of events from the days of creation to Ovids present, but with a twist: All stories told must involve physical transformations (metamorphoses). Verifiably historical figures are limited to the emperors Julius and Augustus whose transformations are from mortals to gods. Other transformed figures come from Greco-Roman myth and legend. The House of Thebes Book Three of Ovids Metamorphoses relates the story of the House of Thebes but not in a straightforward chronological manner. Instead, there are digressions and inset stories. Members of the House of Thebes include: Cadmus: Cadmus created the sown men (Spartans) by sowing dragons teeth. He is the founder of Thebes.Oedipus: An oracle warned Oedipus parents that their baby would grow up to murder his father and marry his mother. The parents thought they had had their baby killed, but he was saved and lived to carry out the prophecy.Dionysus: Dionysus was a god who made mortals see things other than as they really were. In this way he caused one of his unbelievers to be torn apart by his own mother.Semele: Semele was the mother of Dionysus, but when she asked Zeus, her mate, to reveal himself in his full glory, it was too much for her and she burned up. Zeus snatched the unborn Dionysus and sewed him into his thigh. The Story of Tiresias One of the important peripheral figures in the House of Thebes legends is the blind seer Tiresias, whoseÃ‚ story, Ovid is introduced in Metamorphoses Book Three. Tiresias tale of woe and transformation began when he separated two mating snakes for no apparent reason. Instead of poisoning Tiresias with indignant viper venom, the snakes magically transformed him into a woman. TiresiasÃ‚ wasnt too happy with their new transgendered metamorphosesÃ‚ but lived as a woman for seven years before figuring out a technique that would either kill her or reverse the operation. Since striking the snakes had worked before, she tried it again. It worked, and he became a man again, but unfortunately, his life story came to the attention of two of the most contentious of the Olympians, Juno (Hera for the Greeks) and her husband Jupiter (Zeus for the Greeks). A Womans Pleasure Juno claimed she was doing little more than servicing Jupiter, while Jupiter claimed he wasnt getting enough bang for his buck, so to speak. Like a bolt of lightning, inspiration hit the thunder god. He would consult the one person who could resolve their argument. Only Tiresias knew both sides of the coupling argument. Tiresias didnt have much choice this time. He had to answer. Jupiter was right, he said. The pleasure woman derives from sex is greater. Juno was outraged. In her anger, she made the man blind, but Jupiter, gratified, rewarded Tiresias with the power of seeing the future. Other Legends of Tiresias Tiresias appears in the Oedipus legends and dramas, including Euripides Bacchae, and in Odysseus underworld adventure, but in Ovids Metamorphoses, he shares his gift in two additional, transformational stories, those of Narcissus and Echo, and Bacchus and Pentheus.

Friday, February 21, 2020

Marketing strategy and planning coursework Essay

Marketing strategy and planning coursework - Essay Example Barclaycard has been a success story of a creative media campaign saustained by a system of persistent vaslue creation. Branding is a strategic approach adopted by organizations to create favorable perceptions about products among consumers. Barclaycard too adopted such an approach with a series of products including its debit card and the credit card. However its subsequent success with the credit card came with the innovative brand value creating efforts of t of brand value management. Some hitherto unheard of concepts were adopted by its management in order to innovate, reorient, strategically position and redefine its then existing strategic branding techniques. An articulate strategy of brand value creation along with a customer loyalty management approach was adopted in response to competitorsÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ threat to its core business. It was around this time that the management of the company realized the relative significance of a strategic shift in its brand management and value creation approaches. Coupled with a mammoth advertising campaign, the company sought convincingly to introduce innovation, value for money and an individual value parmeter as the new dynamic concepts in a customer-oriented promotion campaign.

Wednesday, February 5, 2020

Induced Therapeutic Hypothermia After Cardiac Arrest Research Paper

Induced Therapeutic Hypothermia After Cardiac Arrest - Research Paper Example TDuring an open heart surgery, there is significant risk of neurological injury on account of the lack of oxygen supply to brain as the circulation comes to a halt. In the absence of oxygen, the brain undergoes anaerobic metabolism as reported by Michelle E. (2011). This leads to damage to ATP dependent cellular functions with a resulting increase in calcium and glutamate excretion. The brain cells thus become more active, consuming more oxygen. With the increasing hypoxemia, further damage occurs leading to cell death. The resultant cerebral edema further enhances the damage. Also, as a result of all these processes, the blood-brain barrier also becomes ineffective further contributing to cerebral edema. As soon as the circulation returns after the heart starts pumping again, reperfusion injury occurs which adds up to the ongoing damage. Meanwhile, there is already an onset of the inflammatory reaction as a result of cell death leading to a release of neutrophils and macrophages in an attempt to remove the cellular debris. The resultant production of free radicals also catalyses the damaging process thus worsening the cerebral edema. This vicious cycle continues leading to brain death. ROLE OF THERAPEUTIC HYPOTHERMIA IN PREVENTING NEUROLOGICAL DAMAGE: Using the technique of therapeutic hypothermia can be useful to avoid all the above described damage. The therapeutically induced hypothermia after cardiac arrest takes following steps to decrease the extent of neurological damage: 1. It stabilizes the release of calcium and glutamate thus decreasing the degree of cellular death, 2. It stabilizes the blood brain barrier, 3. It causes a suppression of the inflammatory response, 4. It reduces cerebral edema by the help of above actions. INDUCED THERAPEUTIC HYPOTHERMIA AFTER CARDIAC ARREST 4 According to the report produced by Michelle E. (2011), there is a reduction in cerebral metabolism from 6% to 10% for every one degree Celcius drop in body temperature. This results in decreased oxygen requirements by the brain cells. Michelle E. (2011) simulates the effects of therapeutic hy

Tuesday, January 28, 2020

Analysis of Tescos Corporate Governance and Responsibility

Analysis of Tescos Corporate Governance and Responsibility 1.0 INRODUCTION 1.1 Overview of the project Corporate governance and Corporate Responsibility have gained an increasing amount of importance over the last decade due to some of the worlds greatest corporate scandals that have been taking place. These scandals have not been happening to the under developed or developing economies, which have a high rate of corruption, but instead have been taking place in the developed countries, which supposedly have had various safeguards to protect the interests of all the stakeholders. Following the collapse of major multi-nationals such as the Maxwell Empire in the UK, Enron in the United States and Parmalat in Italy to name just a few, findings of fraud, dishonesty, irregular accounting and too much power held by one individual soon came to light. As a result, people and investors have lost the trust they placed in the financial markets and the big corporations to safeguard their assets and interests. The loss in confidence has seen big drops in the stock markets around the world and should the trend continues, the whole world economy would collapse which would lead to devastating consequences. As a result of those alarming situations, governments around the globe have devised frameworks of good corporate governance and passed on various laws, rules and regulations to hold companies responsible for their own actions, known as Corporate Governance and Responsibility in order to ensure that such scandals are not repeated in the future. The main corporate governance frameworks include the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Developments (OECD) principles, the UK revised Combined Code (2003) and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in the United States. Some of these are legally binding, such as the one in the United States while others operate on a comply or explain basis. This project will place more emphasis on the governance framework in the UK, namely the revised Combined Code, though I will make brief analyses of other reports and frameworks. Why I chose this particular topic area is for many reasons. Firstly, I believe that there is still scope to improve corporate governance worldwide and hence, wished to learn more about it. Secondly, despite the fact that corporate governance and corporate responsibility have become increasingly important in todays world and that companies have to adhere to the rules or principles, reports of fraud and bad management are still emerging in the developed economies, which lead to the collapse or nationalisation of various organisations. Well known examples in the UK include the nationalisation of Northern Rock bank and the government pumping in money into its various other banks, including Lloyds and Royal Bank of Scotland among others. It therefore begs the question about the credibility of the corporate governa nce framework. In addition, as a business student, it is now imperative to have a good understanding of the subject and as a taxpayer and citizen, I am both directly and indirectly affected by corporate behaviour. 1.2 The Organisation in question This thesis revolves around Tesco plc, one of the worlds leading retailers. Opened in 1919 by founder Jack Cohen, his first days sales were Ã‚ £4 with a profit of Ã‚ £1. By 1947, the company floated on the stock exchange with a share price of 25p and by 1979, its annual sales has reached Ã‚ £1 billion. In 1983, Tesco Stores (Holdings) Ltd becomes Tesco PLC. Nowadays, the company has entered various other markets including the USA, China, Korea and many other European countries. It has also diversified into other industries, including financial services and is currently making profits in excess of Ã‚ £2 billion. It is the UKs biggest supermarket in terms of turnover with 2,115 UK stores and employing 280, 373 staff in the UK alone (Tesco annual report 2008) .Such an organisation has been chosen for various reasons, namely because: It is a listed company, and hence according to the London Stock Exchange rules, it needs to adhere to the principles of the UK Combined Code on Corporate Governance on a Comply or Explain basis. Therefore, I will be able to determine whether such a big company is really being a good corporate citizen. Most of the data that I will need to conduct my research is readily accessible through its website, including its financial statements and annual reports. Data on similar organisations, such as Sainsburys plc is also readily accessible, which would prove to be very useful for comparison purposes. This would help me to make an analysis on how those two similar organisations are complying with the UK combined code on corporate Governance and whether the departure from for example a specific code is usual for these companies or ot. Tesco plc has a very large number of stakeholders and hence it is interesting to find out how the company is working towards fulfilling its responsibility towards them. In other words, how it is being corporately responsible, especially how it is dealing with the principal-agent problem. In addition, according to the companys annual report, Tesco follows a diversification strategy, laid down over 10 years ago and which has been the foundation of its enormous success in recent years. Due to the companys size, Tesco has segmented itself into 5 main areas: CORE UK COMMUNITY NON FOOD RETAILING SERVICES INTERNATIONAL The UK is its biggest market and the core of the business. The main aim here is to provide its customers with excellent value and choice. As well as deriving high shareholder value, the company also tries to be a corporate citizen. In addition to its annual report, the company also publishes a Corporate Responsibility report to show that it is a responsible business. Over the past decade, the company diversified into the non-food market whereby it offers a range of products, from laptops to mobile phones, etcThe aim here is to be as strong in food as in non-food, competing on price and value. Following its success into the non-food market, the company went into retailing services, offering financial services to its customers. Again here, this sector has proven to be profitable for the company. Nowadays, Tesco is not only operating in the UK but also in most European countries as well as in the US and Asia. The company has been expanding very quickly and is the number 1 retailer in Thailand today! As can be seen, Tesco has followed through a diversification strategy throughout the last decade, expanding not only into other markets but into other industries as well. Considering that diversification is quite a risky strategy, the company has been performing exceptionally well, defying the current credit crunch to record profits of over 2 billion pounds! Such a big and successful company provides us with ample opportunities to assess whether there are any irregularities in its reports, ie, whether there is good governance or not! 1.3 Research Questions The dissertation is mainly an analytical one, in that an analysis on the companys corporate governance and its corporate responsibility report will be performed. The main objective is to determine whether the company is behaving responsibly, by complying with all the provisions of the code and how is it discharging its duties towards its stakeholders. The main questions that will therefore be investigated are the following: Has Tesco complied in all respect with the principles of Corporate Governance and if not, why has it departed from a particular provision? Is there a link between its Corporate Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility and its financial position? Is the company projecting an image of a good corporate citizen? The above will form the main research questions though I will also be looking at various other aspects briefly such as: Variety of directors at the organisation. The difficulty in finding the right people with the right skills for the company. The role of Tescos audit committee, including independence issues. Public relations regarding the effect on the company if seems to flout regulations. The companys budget towards fulfilling its corporate responsibility How the company is working towards being eco-friendly Whether the company provides proper adequate training, pension provisions, etc 1.4 Overall Research Approach The starting point for the thesis indulges firstly into a broad explanation of both corporate governance and corporate responsibility. We will look at various definitions from a few sources in order to provide the reader with an understanding of the subject. Good corporate governance is incorporated into many reports. The main ones that will be the focus of the dissertation are notably the Cadbury report, Hambel report, Greenbury report, Higgs report, Smith report and the Turnbull Committee. The main points of the UK Combined Code (revised July 2003) will be discussed in a bit more detail, since it will form the basis of our first topic of interest of the project. In addition, the London Stock Exchange now requires all its listed companies to comply with the above code, which includes Tesco. As such, the first project objective will be achieved, whereby we can make an analysis whether Tesco has complied fully with the code or not. Whether there is a link between Tescos governance system and its financial performance will be the second part of the project. An analysis of the companys financial statements will be performed to assess its financial performance using various accounting techniques, such as ratio analysis, industry, competitor and international comparisons. Other items, such as share price movements, off balance sheet finance, creative accounting and conflicts of interests between management and shareholders will also be looked at to ensure that the figures provided in the financial statements are not misleading, especially to both current and potential investors. The impact of Tescos corporate governance system on its various stakeholders will form the next point. The main stakeholders that will be investigated here will be: Shareholders Employees Suppliers Customers Loan provider Government Public Each of the above points will be explored in details and an assessment on stakeholders conflicts of interests will be discussed briefly if there are any. Next on the agenda will be the topic of Corporate Responsibility. I will be making an analysis to determine how well Tesco is taking the responsibility to consider the interests of customers, employees, shareholders, society and the environment in its operational activities. Lastly, the thesis will focus on any criticisms and possible recommendations on the organisations corporate governance system and on its corporate social responsibility. 2.0 Information gathering Gathering information and data effectively is key to achieving a good project. A great deal of research is needed and very often there might be data overload. When too much data is collected, it sometimes becomes very difficult to analyse and interpret them properly which may be problematic in doing well in the thesis. On the other hand, not collecting enough data may lead to the wrong conclusion, thus rendering the thesis useless or even misleading. Therefore, it is of utmost importance that one must collect information properly and effectively in order to avoid wasting time and sometimes even money. We should always bear in mind that the data that needs to be collected should be sufficient so as to achieve the research objectives. 2.1 Sources of information There are two types of data, mainly primary and secondary data. Primary data is data that is unique to the researcher, and that is unavailable anywhere else. There are different methods of collecting such types of data. The main ones though are: Survey Questionnaires Observation and Interviews Primary data is often very valuable since it is unavailable anywhere else. However, collecting it is very time consuming and costly. In addition to that, one must always ensure that a proper margin of error is selected and that a good sample size is chosen. Otherwise, all the benefits of primary data will be lost. As can be seen, though valuable, it is often very time consuming and costly. Secondary data, as the name suggests, is data that is not unique. It is data that already exists somewhere else. Secondary data is data that has already been collected and collated by somebody for some reason other than the current study. It can be used to get a new perspective on the current study, to supplement or compare the work or to use parts of it, as another study may prove costly and time consuming e.g. the census. Secondary data can further be divided into two parts, namely qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative data includes biographies, personal letters, diaries, records, documents, published material, computer database, policy statements, etc. Quantitative data would have market research, census, and Economic documents, planning documents or specimens. The list is endless and once the type of secondary data is identified, it becomes easy to locate the source. The following is a list of where data has been collected and scrutinised for the purpose of the thesis: 2.1.1 Textbooks Textbooks have always been a major source of information. In fact, due to the increased importance of corporate governance, corporate responsibility and responsibility accounting, many textbooks have attempted to explain the concept of those topics and their relevance of in todays financial world. In todays accounting profession, it is now recommended that all accountants be familiar with corporate governance and especially ethics. This is mainly due to those scandals such as Enron which shook the whole financial world. It has been one of the most talked topics in the recent decade regarding the top CFOs and CEOs integrity! I found the texts regarding corporate governance and corporate responsibility to be well documented, which has been quite useful in analysing the topics in question. I made use of several textbooks, including many accounting ones. The main one I have used for my research is the BPP textbook for the Association of Certified Chartered Accountants P1, Professional Accountant. The textbook has provided me with a great insight about ethics and corporate governance and has helped a lot in preparing for this analysis. In addition, I also found the Heriot-Watt University MBA textbook regarding corporate governance to be extremely useful. This has helped me to understand from scratch why corporate governance is so important! The MBA textbook goes into much more details on the subject which really broadened my knowledge and provided me an insight from the barriers to improvement on governance systems to the various policy responses. The benefits of using textbooks are that they contained a great deal of literature on the issue of corporate governance, which not only helped me in achieving some of my aims for my project but also opened my eyes on the effects it has on each and every one of us. Unfortunately, textbooks have some drawbacks as well. Firstly, one needs to get the right texts for a particular research topic, which can take a lot of time. Next, there is a lot of reading to do, and if time is a constraint, this can pose a serious problem. In addition, although one may get the right books, one also has to make sure that they are the latest editions, since they tend to contain updated data and information. 2.1.2 Professional magazines Professional magazines are another great source of information. As a regular subscriber to the economist, needless to say that they have been of tremendous help to my thesis. From an economic point of view, I understood how corporate governance impacts on everyones life, no matter where you are or whichever country you are working in. The Enron scandal for example did not only affect its employees and the United States citizens but everyone else in the world. Now one may asks oneself how do i get affected if i live in Nepal for example. The answer to that I understood it by reading the economist! When Enron collapsed, first of all, the employees and shareholders and whoever were directly connected were the first to suffer. But Enron was a major global player in the financial markets, which sent shockwaves across the whole world, meaning we were all impacted by their actions! It is therefore no wonder that legislations such as the Sarbanes-Oxley were quickly brought into force in the United States. A lot of other countries also brought in their own codes of best practice on corporate governance and responsibility accounting. All this knowledge, I gained from those professional magazines, which are a great way of keeping up to date. Other magazines that have been useful in my research include the various accountancy magazines, such as Student Accountant which i receive regularly, since I am also an accountancy student from the association of chartered certified accountants. 2.1.3 Library I visited various libraries in order to be able to collect as much information as possible for my research. There is a local library where I live and this helped a lot. I needed to find journal articles and specific books for corporate governance and corporate responsibility. However, the problem I encountered at the library is that there were far too many books for me to choose from and that was very time consuming. I had no other option but to seek help from the librarians, who were most eager to help. I spent a really long-time reading and summarising all the information that I believe would be useful to me. A big drawback was that there were a lot of outdated information which was very frustrating. However libraries are a great source to get information from and they have been most useful to me. 2.1.4 The internet The internet nowadays is one of the most indispensable tools for information gathering. It is an integral part on everyones life and without it, mankind would be kind of lost! The big advantage of using the internet is the speed at which a large amount of data can be accessed. For that reason, it had been one of my principal sources of information. The information is mostly free and it is easily accessible. Though some websites require a payment to get the information provided, most were free of charge. Most of the information regarding this thesis has been accessed from the internet. As with every good thing, the internet has its drawbacks as well. First, one needs to make sure that by accessing information for our own use, we should make sure that we are not infringing anyones copyright. We also have to be very careful due to the spread of viruses which can damage ones computer and stealing our private information. In any case, the internet remains one of the most powerful tool to gather information. 2.1.5 Tesco plc annual report (2008) The companys annual reports were easily accessible from the website and provided me with a wealth of information in regards to corporate governance and corporate responsibility. I managed to even get a 5 year summary of the companys financial statements which has helped me to draw out a lot of conclusions regarding performance. However, as one would expect, the report portrayed Tesco as a good citizen which does everything ethically. I could not therefore rely a hundred percent on everything the report said about. 3.0 Ethical Issues As in any thesis, ethics play a very important role. Therefore, one needs to make sure to being completely ethical whenever gathering information and using them for ones purpose. 3.1.1 Information gathering Bias and Balance: Recognizing biased information, looking for balanced views, exploring opposing views, recognizing commercial interests in published information. Fact or Opinion: Recognizing factual information, looking for evidence of factual truth, recognizing and valuing opinion. Knowledge Gaps: Identifying missing information, locating missing information, stating research methodologies so that others can search further. 3.1.2 Information Evaluation Accuracy: Is the information accurate when checked against other sources? How reliable and error-free is the information? Authority: Does the information source qualify as an expert? Is the source rightly expected to know the facts and specifics? Are the qualifications of the author/speaker clearly stated? Is the author/speaker affiliated with an institution or organization? Is there contact information available for the author of a written document? Content: What is the purpose of the information, i.e. to inform, convince, or sell? What does it contribute to your understanding of the issues? Who is the intended audience based on content, tone, and style? What is the overall value of the content compared to other resources on the topic? Coverage: Does the information cover the subject adequately? Are there inexplicable omissions? Currency: Is the publication date clearly stated? When was the information last revised? Is it maintained and updated regularly? Are the links on a web page up-to-date and useable? Documentation: Are you certain the information is based on more than hearsay? Does the author explain where the information was obtained? Does the web page or article contain a bibliography or list of sources used? 3.1.3 Information Use Fair Use of Information: Copyright law allows limited copying for educational and archival purposes, but does limit even that to no more than 10% of a work, among other restrictions. Proper Citation: Complete citations of sources used is the most important issue, attributing information to its true author, and including enough information for another to locate the source. The ethical issues above (3.1.1 3.1.3) were compiled by H. Heller-Ross, Plattsburgh State University. They have been included in this thesis to help readers take a grasp on the various ethical issues which may impact upon ones research. 4.0 Results and Analysis Corporate Governance 4.1 Corporate Governance Corporate governance is the system by which organisations are directed and controlled. (Cadbury A. 1992) Corporate governance is a set of relationships between a companys directors, its shareholders and other stakeholders. It also provides the structure through which the objectives of the company are set, and the means of achieving those objectives and monitoring performance are determined. (Johnston D. J OECD Secretary General) Corporate governance, the system by which organisations are directed and controlled, is based on a number of concepts including transparency, independence, accountability and integrity. (BPP, P1 2007) Corporate governance is the system by which companies are directed and controlled. It deals largely with the relationship between the constituent parts of a company the directors, the board (and its sub-committees) and the shareholders. Transparency and accountability are the most important elements of good corporate governance. This includes: the timely provision by companies of good quality information; a clear and credible company decision-making process; Shareholders giving proper consideration to the information provided and making considered judgements. The corporate governance framework in the UK operates at a number of levels: through legislation particularly the Companies Act; Through regulation and in particular for listed companies through the listing rules, which are the responsibilities of theFinancial Services Authority. Through the Combined Code which is the responsibility of the Financial Reporting Council. It contains general principles and more detailed provisions relating to the corporate governance of listed companies. It is appended to the FSAs Listing Rules, which require these companies, in their annual report and accounts to, (i) report on how they apply the principles, and (ii) confirm that they comply with the Codes provisions or, where they do not, provide an explanation: hence the comply or explain principle which, if applied effectively, underpins informed dialogue between directors and shareholders. contains general principles. (http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/businesslaw/corp-governance/page15267.html) What the above definitions are about is that organisations should be managed in the best interest of everyone connected. In other words, directors should not forget that they are the agents of the companies they manage and they have a responsibility towards the various stakeholders. Therefore, they should act with integrity and honesty and should not just be concerned with filling their own pockets. The principal agent problem consists of trust and risk. (Lee, A.T. 2006). This trust may be breached by the agents by pursuing their own interest or through negligence and fraud. History is witness to this abuse, which has resulted in shareholders losing their investments and employees losing their jobs with no fault of theirs. As a consequence, stakeholders now want reassurance that such scandals are not repeated, resulting in corporate governance frameworks around the world. The success of a company based on the principal-agent relationship is dependent on the effectiveness of its corporate governance particularly the competence and independence of its board of directors and various subcommittees. (Lee, A.T. 2006) 4.2 Various Corporate Governance Reports The various scandals around the financial world prompted governments to review corporate governance, especially about those companies that are listed in the stock markets. This lead to a wide range of corporate governance reports being written by scholars around the world. The main ones in the UK are listed below, with a brief explanation about it. 4.2.1 The Cadbury report The Cadbury Report, titled Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance, is a report of a committee chaired by Adrian Cadbury that sets out recommendations on the arrangement of company boards and accounting systems to mitigate corporate governance risks and failures. The report was published in 1992. The reports recommendations have been adopted in varying degree by the European Union, the United States, the World Bank, and others. 4.2.2 The Greenbury Report The Greenbury report was issued in 1995 by a committee under the chairmanship of Sir Richard Greenbury that developed a number of recommendations of the Cadbury Report on directors remuneration. It stressed the importance of a remuneration committee of non executive directors , the provision of information on remuneration policy in the annual report and accounts, and the restriction of notice and contract periods to less than one year. 4.2.3 The Hambel Report This was a committee set up under the chairmanship of Sir Ronald Hampel to review the implementation of the Cadbury Code and the recommendations of the Greenbury report. A report was issued in 1998 emphasizing that the primary duty of directors is to shareholders and that the recommendations of the two earlier reports should be treated as guidelines rather than prescriptive rules. 4.2.4 The Turnbull Report The latest link in the UK corporate governance chain is the September 1999 publication Internal Control: Guidance for Directors on the Combined Code otherwise called, after its chairman (Nigel Turnbull, Executive Director of Reed Plc), the Turnbull Report (Turnbull). Turnbulls guidance is based upon the adoption by a companys board of a risk-based approach to establishing a sound system of internal control, and on Accountability, transparency, corporate social responsibility: a new mantra for a new millennium. reviewing its effectiveness. This should be incorporated by a company within its normal management and governance processes. The span of internal control contemplated by Turnbull stretches wider than financial controls, to encompass social and environmental issues matters that have recently come to be grouped together under the generic heading of reputational risk. 4.2.5 The Higgs Report The Higgs Report, named after its author Derek Higgs focused on the role and effectiveness of the non-executive director so as to consolidate the UKs combined code on corporate governance. The report was published in January 2003 and it was expected that the revised combined code will come into effect in July 2003. 4.2.6 The Smith Report Following the major financial scandals around the world, the Financial Reporting Council invited Sir Robert Smith to chair a report on the role and responsibilities of the audit committees. The aim was to develop the existing Combined Code guidance and to clarify the duties of the non executive directors meant to form the audit committee. 4.2.7 UK Combined Code The Combined Code on Corporate Governance sets out standards of good practice in relation to issues such as board composition and development, remuneration, accountability and audit and relations with shareholders. All companies incorporated in the UK and listed on the Main Market of the London Stock Exchange are required under the Listing Rules to report on how they have applied the Combined Code in their annual report and accounts. Overseas companies listed on the Main Market are required to disclose the significant ways in which their corporate governance practices differ from those set out in the Code. The Combined Code contains broad principles and more specific provisions. Listed companies are required to report on how they have applied the main principles of the Code, and either to confirm that they have complied with the Codes provisions or where they have not to provide an explanation. (http://www.frc.org.uk/corporate/combinedcode.cfm) The combined code on corporate governance will be the benchmark against which an analysis of corporate governance at Tesco will be made. Any areas of the code which have not been followed or where the company has tried to manipulate it will be looked at in detail and conclusions drawn out. 5.0 Analysis of Tescos Governance system 5.1 Directors 5.1.1 The board As at 28 February 2009, the Board of Tesco PLC comprised eight Executive Directors, seven independent Non-executive Directors and David Reid, Non-executive Chairman. The Companys Articles of Association require all new Directors to be submitted for election by shareholders in their first year following appointment. The Board has appointed one Non-executive Director, Rodney Chase, to act as Senior Independent Director. The Senior Independent Director is available to shareholders to assist in resolving concerns, should the alternative channels be inappropriate. The Senior Independent Director is also required to lead the discussion in relation to assessing the effectiveness of the Chairmans performance. The Non-executive Directors bring a wide range of skills and experience, as well as independent judgement on strategy, risk and performance to the Compa Analysis of Tescos Corporate Governance and Responsibility Analysis of Tescos Corporate Governance and Responsibility 1.0 INRODUCTION 1.1 Overview of the project Corporate governance and Corporate Responsibility have gained an increasing amount of importance over the last decade due to some of the worlds greatest corporate scandals that have been taking place. These scandals have not been happening to the under developed or developing economies, which have a high rate of corruption, but instead have been taking place in the developed countries, which supposedly have had various safeguards to protect the interests of all the stakeholders. Following the collapse of major multi-nationals such as the Maxwell Empire in the UK, Enron in the United States and Parmalat in Italy to name just a few, findings of fraud, dishonesty, irregular accounting and too much power held by one individual soon came to light. As a result, people and investors have lost the trust they placed in the financial markets and the big corporations to safeguard their assets and interests. The loss in confidence has seen big drops in the stock markets around the world and should the trend continues, the whole world economy would collapse which would lead to devastating consequences. As a result of those alarming situations, governments around the globe have devised frameworks of good corporate governance and passed on various laws, rules and regulations to hold companies responsible for their own actions, known as Corporate Governance and Responsibility in order to ensure that such scandals are not repeated in the future. The main corporate governance frameworks include the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Developments (OECD) principles, the UK revised Combined Code (2003) and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in the United States. Some of these are legally binding, such as the one in the United States while others operate on a comply or explain basis. This project will place more emphasis on the governance framework in the UK, namely the revised Combined Code, though I will make brief analyses of other reports and frameworks. Why I chose this particular topic area is for many reasons. Firstly, I believe that there is still scope to improve corporate governance worldwide and hence, wished to learn more about it. Secondly, despite the fact that corporate governance and corporate responsibility have become increasingly important in todays world and that companies have to adhere to the rules or principles, reports of fraud and bad management are still emerging in the developed economies, which lead to the collapse or nationalisation of various organisations. Well known examples in the UK include the nationalisation of Northern Rock bank and the government pumping in money into its various other banks, including Lloyds and Royal Bank of Scotland among others. It therefore begs the question about the credibility of the corporate governa nce framework. In addition, as a business student, it is now imperative to have a good understanding of the subject and as a taxpayer and citizen, I am both directly and indirectly affected by corporate behaviour. 1.2 The Organisation in question This thesis revolves around Tesco plc, one of the worlds leading retailers. Opened in 1919 by founder Jack Cohen, his first days sales were Ã‚ £4 with a profit of Ã‚ £1. By 1947, the company floated on the stock exchange with a share price of 25p and by 1979, its annual sales has reached Ã‚ £1 billion. In 1983, Tesco Stores (Holdings) Ltd becomes Tesco PLC. Nowadays, the company has entered various other markets including the USA, China, Korea and many other European countries. It has also diversified into other industries, including financial services and is currently making profits in excess of Ã‚ £2 billion. It is the UKs biggest supermarket in terms of turnover with 2,115 UK stores and employing 280, 373 staff in the UK alone (Tesco annual report 2008) .Such an organisation has been chosen for various reasons, namely because: It is a listed company, and hence according to the London Stock Exchange rules, it needs to adhere to the principles of the UK Combined Code on Corporate Governance on a Comply or Explain basis. Therefore, I will be able to determine whether such a big company is really being a good corporate citizen. Most of the data that I will need to conduct my research is readily accessible through its website, including its financial statements and annual reports. Data on similar organisations, such as Sainsburys plc is also readily accessible, which would prove to be very useful for comparison purposes. This would help me to make an analysis on how those two similar organisations are complying with the UK combined code on corporate Governance and whether the departure from for example a specific code is usual for these companies or ot. Tesco plc has a very large number of stakeholders and hence it is interesting to find out how the company is working towards fulfilling its responsibility towards them. In other words, how it is being corporately responsible, especially how it is dealing with the principal-agent problem. In addition, according to the companys annual report, Tesco follows a diversification strategy, laid down over 10 years ago and which has been the foundation of its enormous success in recent years. Due to the companys size, Tesco has segmented itself into 5 main areas: CORE UK COMMUNITY NON FOOD RETAILING SERVICES INTERNATIONAL The UK is its biggest market and the core of the business. The main aim here is to provide its customers with excellent value and choice. As well as deriving high shareholder value, the company also tries to be a corporate citizen. In addition to its annual report, the company also publishes a Corporate Responsibility report to show that it is a responsible business. Over the past decade, the company diversified into the non-food market whereby it offers a range of products, from laptops to mobile phones, etcThe aim here is to be as strong in food as in non-food, competing on price and value. Following its success into the non-food market, the company went into retailing services, offering financial services to its customers. Again here, this sector has proven to be profitable for the company. Nowadays, Tesco is not only operating in the UK but also in most European countries as well as in the US and Asia. The company has been expanding very quickly and is the number 1 retailer in Thailand today! As can be seen, Tesco has followed through a diversification strategy throughout the last decade, expanding not only into other markets but into other industries as well. Considering that diversification is quite a risky strategy, the company has been performing exceptionally well, defying the current credit crunch to record profits of over 2 billion pounds! Such a big and successful company provides us with ample opportunities to assess whether there are any irregularities in its reports, ie, whether there is good governance or not! 1.3 Research Questions The dissertation is mainly an analytical one, in that an analysis on the companys corporate governance and its corporate responsibility report will be performed. The main objective is to determine whether the company is behaving responsibly, by complying with all the provisions of the code and how is it discharging its duties towards its stakeholders. The main questions that will therefore be investigated are the following: Has Tesco complied in all respect with the principles of Corporate Governance and if not, why has it departed from a particular provision? Is there a link between its Corporate Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility and its financial position? Is the company projecting an image of a good corporate citizen? The above will form the main research questions though I will also be looking at various other aspects briefly such as: Variety of directors at the organisation. The difficulty in finding the right people with the right skills for the company. The role of Tescos audit committee, including independence issues. Public relations regarding the effect on the company if seems to flout regulations. The companys budget towards fulfilling its corporate responsibility How the company is working towards being eco-friendly Whether the company provides proper adequate training, pension provisions, etc 1.4 Overall Research Approach The starting point for the thesis indulges firstly into a broad explanation of both corporate governance and corporate responsibility. We will look at various definitions from a few sources in order to provide the reader with an understanding of the subject. Good corporate governance is incorporated into many reports. The main ones that will be the focus of the dissertation are notably the Cadbury report, Hambel report, Greenbury report, Higgs report, Smith report and the Turnbull Committee. The main points of the UK Combined Code (revised July 2003) will be discussed in a bit more detail, since it will form the basis of our first topic of interest of the project. In addition, the London Stock Exchange now requires all its listed companies to comply with the above code, which includes Tesco. As such, the first project objective will be achieved, whereby we can make an analysis whether Tesco has complied fully with the code or not. Whether there is a link between Tescos governance system and its financial performance will be the second part of the project. An analysis of the companys financial statements will be performed to assess its financial performance using various accounting techniques, such as ratio analysis, industry, competitor and international comparisons. Other items, such as share price movements, off balance sheet finance, creative accounting and conflicts of interests between management and shareholders will also be looked at to ensure that the figures provided in the financial statements are not misleading, especially to both current and potential investors. The impact of Tescos corporate governance system on its various stakeholders will form the next point. The main stakeholders that will be investigated here will be: Shareholders Employees Suppliers Customers Loan provider Government Public Each of the above points will be explored in details and an assessment on stakeholders conflicts of interests will be discussed briefly if there are any. Next on the agenda will be the topic of Corporate Responsibility. I will be making an analysis to determine how well Tesco is taking the responsibility to consider the interests of customers, employees, shareholders, society and the environment in its operational activities. Lastly, the thesis will focus on any criticisms and possible recommendations on the organisations corporate governance system and on its corporate social responsibility. 2.0 Information gathering Gathering information and data effectively is key to achieving a good project. A great deal of research is needed and very often there might be data overload. When too much data is collected, it sometimes becomes very difficult to analyse and interpret them properly which may be problematic in doing well in the thesis. On the other hand, not collecting enough data may lead to the wrong conclusion, thus rendering the thesis useless or even misleading. Therefore, it is of utmost importance that one must collect information properly and effectively in order to avoid wasting time and sometimes even money. We should always bear in mind that the data that needs to be collected should be sufficient so as to achieve the research objectives. 2.1 Sources of information There are two types of data, mainly primary and secondary data. Primary data is data that is unique to the researcher, and that is unavailable anywhere else. There are different methods of collecting such types of data. The main ones though are: Survey Questionnaires Observation and Interviews Primary data is often very valuable since it is unavailable anywhere else. However, collecting it is very time consuming and costly. In addition to that, one must always ensure that a proper margin of error is selected and that a good sample size is chosen. Otherwise, all the benefits of primary data will be lost. As can be seen, though valuable, it is often very time consuming and costly. Secondary data, as the name suggests, is data that is not unique. It is data that already exists somewhere else. Secondary data is data that has already been collected and collated by somebody for some reason other than the current study. It can be used to get a new perspective on the current study, to supplement or compare the work or to use parts of it, as another study may prove costly and time consuming e.g. the census. Secondary data can further be divided into two parts, namely qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative data includes biographies, personal letters, diaries, records, documents, published material, computer database, policy statements, etc. Quantitative data would have market research, census, and Economic documents, planning documents or specimens. The list is endless and once the type of secondary data is identified, it becomes easy to locate the source. The following is a list of where data has been collected and scrutinised for the purpose of the thesis: 2.1.1 Textbooks Textbooks have always been a major source of information. In fact, due to the increased importance of corporate governance, corporate responsibility and responsibility accounting, many textbooks have attempted to explain the concept of those topics and their relevance of in todays financial world. In todays accounting profession, it is now recommended that all accountants be familiar with corporate governance and especially ethics. This is mainly due to those scandals such as Enron which shook the whole financial world. It has been one of the most talked topics in the recent decade regarding the top CFOs and CEOs integrity! I found the texts regarding corporate governance and corporate responsibility to be well documented, which has been quite useful in analysing the topics in question. I made use of several textbooks, including many accounting ones. The main one I have used for my research is the BPP textbook for the Association of Certified Chartered Accountants P1, Professional Accountant. The textbook has provided me with a great insight about ethics and corporate governance and has helped a lot in preparing for this analysis. In addition, I also found the Heriot-Watt University MBA textbook regarding corporate governance to be extremely useful. This has helped me to understand from scratch why corporate governance is so important! The MBA textbook goes into much more details on the subject which really broadened my knowledge and provided me an insight from the barriers to improvement on governance systems to the various policy responses. The benefits of using textbooks are that they contained a great deal of literature on the issue of corporate governance, which not only helped me in achieving some of my aims for my project but also opened my eyes on the effects it has on each and every one of us. Unfortunately, textbooks have some drawbacks as well. Firstly, one needs to get the right texts for a particular research topic, which can take a lot of time. Next, there is a lot of reading to do, and if time is a constraint, this can pose a serious problem. In addition, although one may get the right books, one also has to make sure that they are the latest editions, since they tend to contain updated data and information. 2.1.2 Professional magazines Professional magazines are another great source of information. As a regular subscriber to the economist, needless to say that they have been of tremendous help to my thesis. From an economic point of view, I understood how corporate governance impacts on everyones life, no matter where you are or whichever country you are working in. The Enron scandal for example did not only affect its employees and the United States citizens but everyone else in the world. Now one may asks oneself how do i get affected if i live in Nepal for example. The answer to that I understood it by reading the economist! When Enron collapsed, first of all, the employees and shareholders and whoever were directly connected were the first to suffer. But Enron was a major global player in the financial markets, which sent shockwaves across the whole world, meaning we were all impacted by their actions! It is therefore no wonder that legislations such as the Sarbanes-Oxley were quickly brought into force in the United States. A lot of other countries also brought in their own codes of best practice on corporate governance and responsibility accounting. All this knowledge, I gained from those professional magazines, which are a great way of keeping up to date. Other magazines that have been useful in my research include the various accountancy magazines, such as Student Accountant which i receive regularly, since I am also an accountancy student from the association of chartered certified accountants. 2.1.3 Library I visited various libraries in order to be able to collect as much information as possible for my research. There is a local library where I live and this helped a lot. I needed to find journal articles and specific books for corporate governance and corporate responsibility. However, the problem I encountered at the library is that there were far too many books for me to choose from and that was very time consuming. I had no other option but to seek help from the librarians, who were most eager to help. I spent a really long-time reading and summarising all the information that I believe would be useful to me. A big drawback was that there were a lot of outdated information which was very frustrating. However libraries are a great source to get information from and they have been most useful to me. 2.1.4 The internet The internet nowadays is one of the most indispensable tools for information gathering. It is an integral part on everyones life and without it, mankind would be kind of lost! The big advantage of using the internet is the speed at which a large amount of data can be accessed. For that reason, it had been one of my principal sources of information. The information is mostly free and it is easily accessible. Though some websites require a payment to get the information provided, most were free of charge. Most of the information regarding this thesis has been accessed from the internet. As with every good thing, the internet has its drawbacks as well. First, one needs to make sure that by accessing information for our own use, we should make sure that we are not infringing anyones copyright. We also have to be very careful due to the spread of viruses which can damage ones computer and stealing our private information. In any case, the internet remains one of the most powerful tool to gather information. 2.1.5 Tesco plc annual report (2008) The companys annual reports were easily accessible from the website and provided me with a wealth of information in regards to corporate governance and corporate responsibility. I managed to even get a 5 year summary of the companys financial statements which has helped me to draw out a lot of conclusions regarding performance. However, as one would expect, the report portrayed Tesco as a good citizen which does everything ethically. I could not therefore rely a hundred percent on everything the report said about. 3.0 Ethical Issues As in any thesis, ethics play a very important role. Therefore, one needs to make sure to being completely ethical whenever gathering information and using them for ones purpose. 3.1.1 Information gathering Bias and Balance: Recognizing biased information, looking for balanced views, exploring opposing views, recognizing commercial interests in published information. Fact or Opinion: Recognizing factual information, looking for evidence of factual truth, recognizing and valuing opinion. Knowledge Gaps: Identifying missing information, locating missing information, stating research methodologies so that others can search further. 3.1.2 Information Evaluation Accuracy: Is the information accurate when checked against other sources? How reliable and error-free is the information? Authority: Does the information source qualify as an expert? Is the source rightly expected to know the facts and specifics? Are the qualifications of the author/speaker clearly stated? Is the author/speaker affiliated with an institution or organization? Is there contact information available for the author of a written document? Content: What is the purpose of the information, i.e. to inform, convince, or sell? What does it contribute to your understanding of the issues? Who is the intended audience based on content, tone, and style? What is the overall value of the content compared to other resources on the topic? Coverage: Does the information cover the subject adequately? Are there inexplicable omissions? Currency: Is the publication date clearly stated? When was the information last revised? Is it maintained and updated regularly? Are the links on a web page up-to-date and useable? Documentation: Are you certain the information is based on more than hearsay? Does the author explain where the information was obtained? Does the web page or article contain a bibliography or list of sources used? 3.1.3 Information Use Fair Use of Information: Copyright law allows limited copying for educational and archival purposes, but does limit even that to no more than 10% of a work, among other restrictions. Proper Citation: Complete citations of sources used is the most important issue, attributing information to its true author, and including enough information for another to locate the source. The ethical issues above (3.1.1 3.1.3) were compiled by H. Heller-Ross, Plattsburgh State University. They have been included in this thesis to help readers take a grasp on the various ethical issues which may impact upon ones research. 4.0 Results and Analysis Corporate Governance 4.1 Corporate Governance Corporate governance is the system by which organisations are directed and controlled. (Cadbury A. 1992) Corporate governance is a set of relationships between a companys directors, its shareholders and other stakeholders. It also provides the structure through which the objectives of the company are set, and the means of achieving those objectives and monitoring performance are determined. (Johnston D. J OECD Secretary General) Corporate governance, the system by which organisations are directed and controlled, is based on a number of concepts including transparency, independence, accountability and integrity. (BPP, P1 2007) Corporate governance is the system by which companies are directed and controlled. It deals largely with the relationship between the constituent parts of a company the directors, the board (and its sub-committees) and the shareholders. Transparency and accountability are the most important elements of good corporate governance. This includes: the timely provision by companies of good quality information; a clear and credible company decision-making process; Shareholders giving proper consideration to the information provided and making considered judgements. The corporate governance framework in the UK operates at a number of levels: through legislation particularly the Companies Act; Through regulation and in particular for listed companies through the listing rules, which are the responsibilities of theFinancial Services Authority. Through the Combined Code which is the responsibility of the Financial Reporting Council. It contains general principles and more detailed provisions relating to the corporate governance of listed companies. It is appended to the FSAs Listing Rules, which require these companies, in their annual report and accounts to, (i) report on how they apply the principles, and (ii) confirm that they comply with the Codes provisions or, where they do not, provide an explanation: hence the comply or explain principle which, if applied effectively, underpins informed dialogue between directors and shareholders. contains general principles. (http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/businesslaw/corp-governance/page15267.html) What the above definitions are about is that organisations should be managed in the best interest of everyone connected. In other words, directors should not forget that they are the agents of the companies they manage and they have a responsibility towards the various stakeholders. Therefore, they should act with integrity and honesty and should not just be concerned with filling their own pockets. The principal agent problem consists of trust and risk. (Lee, A.T. 2006). This trust may be breached by the agents by pursuing their own interest or through negligence and fraud. History is witness to this abuse, which has resulted in shareholders losing their investments and employees losing their jobs with no fault of theirs. As a consequence, stakeholders now want reassurance that such scandals are not repeated, resulting in corporate governance frameworks around the world. The success of a company based on the principal-agent relationship is dependent on the effectiveness of its corporate governance particularly the competence and independence of its board of directors and various subcommittees. (Lee, A.T. 2006) 4.2 Various Corporate Governance Reports The various scandals around the financial world prompted governments to review corporate governance, especially about those companies that are listed in the stock markets. This lead to a wide range of corporate governance reports being written by scholars around the world. The main ones in the UK are listed below, with a brief explanation about it. 4.2.1 The Cadbury report The Cadbury Report, titled Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance, is a report of a committee chaired by Adrian Cadbury that sets out recommendations on the arrangement of company boards and accounting systems to mitigate corporate governance risks and failures. The report was published in 1992. The reports recommendations have been adopted in varying degree by the European Union, the United States, the World Bank, and others. 4.2.2 The Greenbury Report The Greenbury report was issued in 1995 by a committee under the chairmanship of Sir Richard Greenbury that developed a number of recommendations of the Cadbury Report on directors remuneration. It stressed the importance of a remuneration committee of non executive directors , the provision of information on remuneration policy in the annual report and accounts, and the restriction of notice and contract periods to less than one year. 4.2.3 The Hambel Report This was a committee set up under the chairmanship of Sir Ronald Hampel to review the implementation of the Cadbury Code and the recommendations of the Greenbury report. A report was issued in 1998 emphasizing that the primary duty of directors is to shareholders and that the recommendations of the two earlier reports should be treated as guidelines rather than prescriptive rules. 4.2.4 The Turnbull Report The latest link in the UK corporate governance chain is the September 1999 publication Internal Control: Guidance for Directors on the Combined Code otherwise called, after its chairman (Nigel Turnbull, Executive Director of Reed Plc), the Turnbull Report (Turnbull). Turnbulls guidance is based upon the adoption by a companys board of a risk-based approach to establishing a sound system of internal control, and on Accountability, transparency, corporate social responsibility: a new mantra for a new millennium. reviewing its effectiveness. This should be incorporated by a company within its normal management and governance processes. The span of internal control contemplated by Turnbull stretches wider than financial controls, to encompass social and environmental issues matters that have recently come to be grouped together under the generic heading of reputational risk. 4.2.5 The Higgs Report The Higgs Report, named after its author Derek Higgs focused on the role and effectiveness of the non-executive director so as to consolidate the UKs combined code on corporate governance. The report was published in January 2003 and it was expected that the revised combined code will come into effect in July 2003. 4.2.6 The Smith Report Following the major financial scandals around the world, the Financial Reporting Council invited Sir Robert Smith to chair a report on the role and responsibilities of the audit committees. The aim was to develop the existing Combined Code guidance and to clarify the duties of the non executive directors meant to form the audit committee. 4.2.7 UK Combined Code The Combined Code on Corporate Governance sets out standards of good practice in relation to issues such as board composition and development, remuneration, accountability and audit and relations with shareholders. All companies incorporated in the UK and listed on the Main Market of the London Stock Exchange are required under the Listing Rules to report on how they have applied the Combined Code in their annual report and accounts. Overseas companies listed on the Main Market are required to disclose the significant ways in which their corporate governance practices differ from those set out in the Code. The Combined Code contains broad principles and more specific provisions. Listed companies are required to report on how they have applied the main principles of the Code, and either to confirm that they have complied with the Codes provisions or where they have not to provide an explanation. (http://www.frc.org.uk/corporate/combinedcode.cfm) The combined code on corporate governance will be the benchmark against which an analysis of corporate governance at Tesco will be made. Any areas of the code which have not been followed or where the company has tried to manipulate it will be looked at in detail and conclusions drawn out. 5.0 Analysis of Tescos Governance system 5.1 Directors 5.1.1 The board As at 28 February 2009, the Board of Tesco PLC comprised eight Executive Directors, seven independent Non-executive Directors and David Reid, Non-executive Chairman. The Companys Articles of Association require all new Directors to be submitted for election by shareholders in their first year following appointment. The Board has appointed one Non-executive Director, Rodney Chase, to act as Senior Independent Director. The Senior Independent Director is available to shareholders to assist in resolving concerns, should the alternative channels be inappropriate. The Senior Independent Director is also required to lead the discussion in relation to assessing the effectiveness of the Chairmans performance. The Non-executive Directors bring a wide range of skills and experience, as well as independent judgement on strategy, risk and performance to the Compa